NOTE: This document is also available at http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~horrocks/Teaching/cs646/Labs/dlreasoning/.
As well as the rather verbose RDF/XML syntax, OWL also has a ``human readable'' syntax which is (rather oddly) called the abstract syntax. The abstract syntax corresponds very closely to the ontology structure presented by Protégé, i.e., Class and Property ``definition'' axioms, plus axioms to capture additional information such as disjointness and other background facts not represented in the ``definitions''. A complete specification of the abstract syntax can be found at http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-semantics/syntax.html; some examples of the abstract syntax and equivalent RDF/XML syntax can be found at http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-semantics/examples.html#B.1.
Consider the following small ontology written in OWL abstract syntax:
Class(Animal partial) |
Class(Plant partial) |
DisjointClasses(Animal Plant) |
ObjectProperty(eats domain(Animal)) |
Class(Herbivore complete super(restriction(eats allValuesFrom(Plant)))) |
Class(Carnivore complete super(restriction(eats allValuesFrom(Animal)))) |
Class(CarnivorousPlant complete super(Plant) super(Carnivore)) |
The first axiom, i.e., Class(Animal partial), can be translated into an equivalent DL axiom and into equivalent FOL as follows:
Consider the following small Knowledge Base (ontology)
,
where
consists of the following set of axioms:
Person | |||
Man | Person | ||
Woman | PersonMan | ||
Parent | Person | ||
Father | Man Parent | ||
Mother | Woman Parent | ||
TwoChildFather | Father | ||
HappyFather | Father | ||
TiredParent | Parent | ||
hasChild | hasDescendant | ||
hasDescendant | hasDescendant | ||
hasAncestor | hasDescendant | ||
John | Man | ||
Mary | Woman | ||
JohnMary | hasChild |
John | |||
Mary | |||
Person | |||
Man | |||
hasChild |
Woman | |||
Parent | |||
Father | |||
Mother | |||
TwoChildFather | |||
HappyFather | |||
TiredParent | |||
hasDescendant | |||
hasAncestor |
Load the People and Pets ontology (http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~horrocks/Teaching/cs646/Labs/PeopleAndPets.owl) into Protégé. Work through the examples in the Reasoning with OWL lecture notes (http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~horrocks/Teaching/cs646/Slides/why.ppt), checking the various inferences using Protégé and making sure you understand why the inferences are being drawn.
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